What ties Americans to one another? Not race, religion, or ethnicity. At the nation's founding, some commentators wondered whether adopting a common tongue might help bind the newly United States together. "A national language is a national tie," Noah Webster argued in 1786, "and what country wants it more than America?" In the century following the drafting of the Constitution, Americans from Noah Webster to Samuel F. B. Morse tried to use letters and other charactersalphabets, syllabaries, signs, and codesto strengthen the new American nation, to string it together with chains of letters and cables of wire. Webster published a spelling book, hoping to teach Americans to speak and spell alike; Morse devised a dot-and-dash alphabet to link the country by telegraph. Meanwhile, other Americans used these same tools to connect the new republic to the larger world. Caribbean-born William Thornton devised a "universal alphabet," dreaming of making "the world seem more nearly allied." Hartford minister Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet preached that the sign language of the deaf was a divinely inspired "natural language" that could help usher in the new millennium. And elocution professor Alexander Graham Bell was inspired by his father's universal alphabet, known as Visible Speech, to invent the telephone. Still other Americans used letters and other characters to distance themselves from the United States. Cherokee silversmith Sequoyah invented an eighty-five-character syllabary for the C