Subatomic Particles: Fermion, Tetraneutron, Positronium, Elementary Particle, Astronomical Cosmic-Ray Source, List of Particles, Atomic Nuc

Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Pages: 29. Chapters: Fermion, Tetraneutron, Positronium, Elementary particle, Astronomical cosmic-ray source, List of particles, Atomic nucleus, Charge separation, Subatomic particle, Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray, Charge radius, Pomeron, Exotic hadron, ZZ diboson, Exotic particle, Positronium hydride, Di-positronium, Crypton, Nucleon spin structure, Magnetic photon, Z(4430), Resonance, X(3872), V particle, Mesonic molecule, Acceleron, Plekton, Subatomic scale, Relic particles. Excerpt: An astronomical cosmic-ray source is an astronomical source of cosmic rays. These rays can be emitted, fluoresced, or reflected by an astronomical object. Such an object previously detected say in the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum and later observed with a cosmic-ray observatory in orbit around the Earth is also an astronomical cosmic-ray source. Striving to understand the generation of cosmic rays by the apparent source helps to understand the Sun, the universe as a whole, and how these affect us on Earth. Cosmic rays are energetic particles originating from outer space that impinge on Earth's atmosphere. About 89% of all the incoming cosmic ray particles are simple protons, with nearly 10% being helium nuclei (alpha particles), and slightly under 1% are heavier elements; electrons (beta particles) constitute about 1% of galactic cosmic rays. Some of the heavier nuclei are primarily lithium, beryllium, and boron. These light nuclei appear in cosmic rays in much greater abundance (about 1:100 particles) than in solar atmospheres, where their abundance is about 10 that of helium. Even heavier nuclei as ions such as carbon and oxygen, and scandium, titanium, vanadium, and manganese occur in cosmic rays, which are produced by collisions of iron and nickel nuclei with interstellar matter. The term ray is a misnomer, as cosmic particles arriv...